Federal appeals court halts Title IX rule on gender identity discrimination

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TALLAHASSEE, Fla. - Siding with Florida and three other states, a federal appeals court on Wednesday temporarily halted a new federal rule about sex-based discrimination in education programs.

The 11th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals approved a motion by Florida, Alabama, Georgia, South Carolina, and four other plaintiffs for an "administrative injunction" against the rule. The rule concerns Title IX, a landmark 1972 law that bars discrimination in education programs based on sex.

The states and other plaintiffs filed the motion late Tuesday, hours after U.S. District Judge Annemarie Carney Axon issued a 122-page decision that rejected their request for a preliminary injunction against the Title IX rule.

In its order Wednesday, the Atlanta-based appeals court said the U.S. Department of Education is enjoined from enforcing the rule "pending further order of this court." The order did not explain the court’s reasons, but it set a timeline for the plaintiffs to seek an "injunction pending appeal." Such an injunction, if granted, would last throughout an appeal of Axon’s decision — likely blocking the Title IX rule for months.

The court fight focuses heavily on a change that would extend Title IX regulations to apply to discrimination based on gender identity. The rule, finalized in April, was slated to take effect Thursday.

The states contend that the rule could force them to do such things as allow transgender students to use bathrooms that don’t match their sex assigned at birth.

"The regulations require a series of radical changes at schools that take federal money," the plaintiffs’ attorneys wrote in the late Tuesday motion for an administrative injunction.

But U.S. Department of Justice lawyers argued in a response Wednesday that the motion should be denied, saying that the plaintiffs "ask this (appeals) court for immediate injunctive relief barring defendants’ effectuation of portions of a regulation that is about to come into force — in essence, the very preliminary injunction that the district court properly exercised its discretion to decline to issue."

Axon, an Alabama federal judge nominated to the bench by former President Donald Trump, said in her decision the plaintiffs had not provided adequate arguments to obtain a preliminary injunction.

"Plaintiffs must, among other things, establish a substantial likelihood of success on the claims advanced in their complaint to obtain a preliminary injunction from this court," Axon wrote. "They failed to sustain that burden."

In part, Axon wrote that the plaintiffs had not adequately backed up their claims that the Biden administration's actions were arbitrary and capricious. The states have alleged violations of the Administrative Procedure Act.

"The court highlights that at later stages in these proceedings, more carefully developed legal arguments and the benefit of a fuller evidentiary record might yield a different result," Axon wrote. "But the court declines to exercise its discretion to grant the extraordinary relief (a preliminary injunction) plaintiffs have requested."

The rule and the lawsuit, which was filed in April in the federal Northern District of Alabama, came amid numerous moves by Florida and other Republican-led states in recent years to pass laws and regulations about LGBTQ people. For example, states have prevented transgender students from using school bathrooms that don’t match their sex assigned at birth and blocked or restricted treatments such as puberty blockers and hormone therapy for people with gender dysphoria.

The lawsuit alleges, in part, that the Biden administration overstepped its legal authority in extending the Title IX regulations to apply to discrimination based on gender identity. It also contends that the rule would clash with the states’ decisions.

"The rule conflicts with many of the state plaintiffs’ laws that govern public institutions of higher education and primary and secondary education, including laws involving harassment, bathrooms, sports, parental rights, and more," the lawsuit said. "The rule thus impedes the state plaintiffs’ sovereign authority to enforce and administer their laws and creates pressure on the state plaintiffs to change their laws and practices."

However, in a brief filing in the district court, Justice Department attorneys wrote that a preliminary injunction "would significantly harm the government’s interests in preventing such discrimination."

"Sex discrimination in educational environments has devastating consequences, including the effects of harassment based on sexual orientation and gender identity," the Justice Department brief said.

In the motion filed late Tuesday at the Atlanta-based appeals court, attorneys for the plaintiffs said courts in other judicial districts and circuits across the country have issued preliminary injunctions against the rule. The motion said an administrative injunction was needed to "preserve the status quo" and cited such things as the costs of complying with the rule.

"Here, the rule upends the status quo by requiring schools to digest hundreds of pages of new regulations, change their policies, train their employees, and much more," the motion said. "The rule itself estimates that compliance will cost millions."

However, Justice Department attorneys said the plaintiffs had known since April that the rule was slated to take effect on Aug. 1.

"In the intervening three months, the status quo has always been that the rule would go into effect and that plaintiffs would have to comply," Justice Department attorneys wrote in Wednesday’s response. "If plaintiffs waited until yesterday afternoon to begin their compliance efforts, that is an emergency entirely of their own making."

The lawsuit names the U.S. Department of Education and Education Secretary Miguel Cardona as defendants. In addition to the states, four groups — the Independent Women’s Law Center, the Independent Women’s Network, Parents Defending Education, and Speech First — are plaintiffs.